How Fa Has the Use of English Language Enriched or...

ads not by this site [pic] [pic] ENGL 103A: American Literature 1789-1900 (Archived) Dept of English, UC Santa Barbara (Summer 2011) †¢ ABOUT †¢ ASSIGNMENTS †¢ SYLLABUS †¢ DISCUSSION †¢ CLOSE READINGS CLOSE READINGS Post your close reading posts here. Share this: †¢ Twitter †¢ Facebook †¢ Like this: Like Loading... [pic] 26 Comments on â€Å"CLOSE READINGS† 1. [pic]John Cooper says: July 13, 2011 at 3:36 pm Emily Dickenson’s poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† details the events the narrator experiences after dying. In the poem, the narrator is driven around in a horse-drawn carriage to several places, including a schoolyard, a field of wheat, and a house sunken in the†¦show more content†¦The line also indicates certain doubtfulness; if we truly do exist in the world. The third stanza reveals the answer to the numerous questions offset by the narrator, â€Å"All I mark as my own you shall offset it with your own† (392). The narrator believes the only way to discover the answer is to find it through oneself; a conventional idea of transcendentalism. Apart from the philosophical debate, the poet redirects himself to the subject of society itself or how one lives life in it. The narrator illustrates the months as vacuums (395). Metaphorically, the vacuum the poet speaks of is the consistent pattern enveloping one’s life. He voices it in a negative tone, almost wishing the readers to break away from the repetitious pattern; the entire life of man is based upon a pattern and so are the months and days, never changing and always ending on January during the month or Saturday during the week. People tend to do the same thing every day – get up from bed, eat breakfast, go to work, eat lunch, get off work, eat dinner, and go to sleep –it never seems to change. Therefore, the narrator believes inconsistency is a key component to live life, to be diverse in how man lives. Conformity becomes an issue for the poet, â€Å"conformity goes to the fourth-remov’d,/I wear my hat as I please indoors or out† (396-397). Conformity or following the suit of

Compare And Contrast The Three Pillars Of Islam - 1157 Words

Pillars of Islam Compared to Christian Beliefs In Islam and Christianity, there are similar and different beliefs and practices. In Islam, the five pillars form the core of the religion. Muslims go about their lives abiding by these pillars (â€Å"Islam†). In Christianity, there are not necessarily pillars, but there are commandments that one should live their life by (â€Å"Christianity†). The three pillars of Islam that will be identified resemble some of the beliefs in Christianity. The declaration of faith, prayer, and a period of sacrifice are pillars of the Islamic faith but also can be found in the practice of Christianity. A pillar in the Islamic religion is faith, also called Shahada, meaning the declaration of faith in the Arabic language†¦show more content†¦Prayer is central to the practice of both Islam and Christianity. As with Islam, Christians can pray in their home if they cannot make it to a church, which is the Christian house of worship (â€Å"Beatitudes†). Jesus also said that before one even starts to pray, God knows what they will pray for. When praying, one should say the lord’s prayer. One should also forgive the sinners, and in return, they will be forgiven when they sin (â€Å"Beatitudes†). When praying, people sing, read scripture, listen to a sermon, and go to communion (â€Å"Christian Worship†). Prayer is essential to both religions, but the frequency in which the people pray varies in Islam and Christianity. Christians do not have a specific time of day or amount that they must pray. Christians pray when they feel the need to, unlike Muslims who have specific rules regarding their prayers (â€Å"Beatitudes†). While prayer is an important practice of both religions, the frequency varies as well as the method. Lastly, a pillar of Islam is fasting. Fasting takes place during the month of Ramadan. During this period of sacrifice, Muslims do not eat or drink from sunrise to sunset, with the exception of the elderly, sick, or pregnant. Children start to learn and experience fasting when they reach their teenage years. If one cannot fast, they must make up the days that they missed later in the year. They alsoShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Islam And Christianity944 Words   |  4 Pages# 01 Religion 101 Islam and Christianity are wide spread religions in the world. Contrast based on five pillars of Islam and Christianity rituals. In this paper I will explain their differences and similarities based on Prothero and Paden, using paradigms â€Å"rituals†. The concept of rituals are more important in understanding religion. Prothero admits that Christianity is the great religion in the world this is not mean that Islam is not popular religion in fact he compare Islam with fast growing religionRead MoreCompare Contrast Religion Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesComparisons and Contrasts between Christianity, Islam, and Judaism Between the religions of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, there are many similarities and differences that are dealt within each of them. Throughout these religions, we can compare and contrast different aspects of each religion such as some of the basic facts of their histories and some of the religious beliefs each of them have in common and or make them different from each other. In the country known as Palestine, the religionsRead MoreDifferences Between Islam And Christianity871 Words   |  4 Pages1. The question of Origin. i. Of the many ways in which Islam and Christianity differ, answering the question of origin remains primarily the same as it does amongst all three of the monotheistic religions (Islam, Christianity and Judaism) wherein a single infinite God created the heavens and earth. ii. Though there is considerable contrast between how Islam and Christianity present the creation story both the Bible and the Qur’an textually agree all was created in six days (Qur’an 10:3; GenesisRead MoreCompare and Contrast Christianity and Islam921 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Christianity and Islam In Wikipedia religion is definedâ€Å"A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to an order of existence.† There are approximately more than four thousand religion in the world. Christianity and Islam are part of the major significant religion. Christianity was founded by Jesus Christ approximately 2,000 years ago; Christianity is one of the most influential religions in world history. ChristianityRead MoreIslam And Islamic Terrorism : Islam Is Not All That Different From Christianity And Judaism1341 Words   |  6 Pages Despite the general resistance concerning the Islamic faith in today’s environment, Islam is not all that different from Christianity and Judaism. All three religions have extremists, and while it seems that Islamic extremists are the worst, I think that is solely due to their methodology of when, where, and how they attack. Many would disagree with me, but Christians can be equally as cruel and radical; it’s just on a much smaller scale. As with many things in today’s society, if we would justRead More Compare and Contrast Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Human beings have always been curious about the meaning and purpose of life. Religions try to answer the curiosity people have about there being a higher source, typically identifying this greater domination as God. Some beliefs teach that there is only one G-d this is defined as a monotheistic religion. Some examples of monotheistic religions are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Although each sect has a different perspective on teachingsRead MoreIslam And Christianity Comparative Religious Study1727 Words   |  7 PagesIslam and Christianity Comparative Religious Study Katelyn Vick B. Thornell NCGP 10 October 2014 â€Æ' Katelyn Vick Bethany Thornell AP Language Composition 10 October 2014 Islam and Christianity Comparative Religious Study Islam and Christianity are significantly different religions with its followers holding many opposing views and theories. Therefore, most find it somewhat challenging to acknowledge any common morals or similarities between Christianity and Islam. Through the comparative studyRead MoreIslam Is It Like Other Religions?2020 Words   |  9 PagesRunning head: ISLAMIC RELIGION Islam Is It like Other Religions? Samantha Reitz DeVry University Out of the 6.974 billion people that live in the work about 2.1 billion practice Christianity, 1.5 billion practice Islam and lastly 14 million practice Judaism. Islam is an Abrahamic religion that is articulated by the Qur’an a book consider by its followers to be the word of God. Muslims follow aRead MoreComparing Judaism, Christianity, And Islamic Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagespractice. Out of all forms of faiths there are three that are most popular, which are Judaism, Christianity, and Islamic. According to pbs.org, all â€Å"three were born in the Middle East and are all† monotheist religions. All in which consider Abraham â€Å"to be the first Jew† and â€Å"their first prophet† (pbs.org). Like most individuals we have heard of all three and may know a little bit about each, and some may not. In this essay I will compare and contrast Judaism, Christianity, and Islamic. AccordingRead More Does Islam Cause Violence in the Middle East? Essay3400 Words   |  14 Pagesan adequate assertion of the area, and of the religion of Islam? To begin various types of violence will be explored quantitatively and qualitatively to see if there is a difference in the level of violence seen in the Middle East as compared to Western States. Once it has been determined if there exists a difference in the amount of violence in the Middle East, as compared to Western States, it than shall be explored to see what role Islam may play in it. Comparing Violence It has been assumed

Monday Morning Free Essays

Monday Morning’s It is said by many that on Monday’s, it is the hardest day of the week. After two days of resting, Saturdays and Sundays, many dislike, Monday mornings, most often when they have to get up early to go to work for eight hours and or more. School!! I have assembly? â€Å"OH! † I would exclaim with the most amount of disappointment. We will write a custom essay sample on Monday Morning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now as a school we would all have to stand up and now for a little more than thirty (30) minutes, we would have to listen to the principle, Fr. Gregory Augustine, give the results or talk about the problems of what took place that week in school. After, the rest of the day feels like an entire week at school. My mother, Lauretta, for one, dislikes Monday morning’s, Period . She always claimed that she only goes thought the process( working on Mondays) to get me thought my school years; by that she means she goes to work on a Monday to put me thought school. Monday morning’s for her is usually a tiring one. Lauretta’s saying of Monday’s is that it’s the first working day of the week and usually it’s where you prepare for the week , getting up early ,then prepare meals for the children and ironing the children’s clothes. After she heads down to the office, picks up two colleagues on the way and drives, from Arima to Chaguanas . Boy, this must have been tiring for her. There are many things people around the world could tell you about their time/ experiences on Mondays. After Sunday‘s resting, it’s always hard to get up early to go to work. * INTERVIEW: Why go to work on a Monday if we find it to be a problem? Some {89. 26 %} of humans out there said that they do it for the money . Susan Espinoza, says that if she don’t go to work she will be begging for a job. There are some people who are different, Sheila Richardson, is one who finds Thursday to be the hardest day of the week. Monday’s and Friday’s are, â€Å"The easiest days of the work week! â€Å"She exclaimed. In Fatima College we will find that there are some people who adore Mondays, Greg, for one loves Mondays for he gets to tell his crew all what took place that weekend . He said in his interview that he will love his holidays unlike Sylvia on the Friday. To me weather a holiday falls on a Friday and or a Monday, I am glad for the holiday given and any way you ake it ,IT WILL STILL BE A LONG WEEKEND. Jelani said that his mother makes him come to school and if he got the chance he would stay home every Monday. This taught is of no good to anybody for his future; I feel there is no good. In this essay, you will be able to see that not everyone is not the same. Some may like Monday’s and others may not. A person once told me that if she could take a sick leave every Monday, she will be more than welcome too. Sylvia Espinoza doesn’t like Mondays for it is too close to Sunday’s . She expresses that if she doesn’t go to work she will lose her job and will be out of sick leave. She also said she wishes to change Mondays. into Sundays She doesn’t like Mondays but will prefer holidays on Friday for three days of resting. The comparison was made that Sunday’s are red, while Mondays are taught as Blue. This is because blue is seen as a sad colour for many. Regardless of if you like Monday’s or not, the truth is; it comes across like this. If I was to change or put three days of resting (Saturday. Sunday and Monday) as our weekends we will find that almost 90 percent of our population will and or begin to hate/dislike Tuesdays. This saying is something in our heads/minds which is not bad but yet not very healthy for us, for it is proven that some 0. 04 percent of people around the world lose their jobs for this taught and or act. The INTERVIEW FOR THIS TOPIC. Questions: Do you like Monday morning’s? Why do we find it so tiring? Do you find it to be the longest day of the work week? Why do we find it to be the longest day of the week? When would you prefer a holiday on a Friday or a Monday for the LONG WEEKEND? Do you go to work on a Monday Morning? Why go to work on a Monday if we find it to be a problem? Why you think Monday is such a hated day? Interviews: Susan Espinoza Sheila Richardson Patrice Espinoza Charleen Murphy Lydia Doolam. Greg felician Jelani Ellis Sylvia Espinoza Lauretta Espinoza Neil Espinoza INTRODUCTION: I , Noel Neil Espinoza was not tired, but concerned why my mother(Lauretta Espinoza), always disliked Sunday Evenings because she knew that then next day was Monday and how she HATED Mondays . I took it upon myself to write a six hundred and eighty seven worded essay on why PEOPLE DISLIKED MONDAYS SO MUCH ! I took a little over a week to do this with some intense interviews and a lot of research, this story was born and discovered. We know that some people are different and feel different ways about different things. I interviewed my neighbourhood and my school {Fatima College} and we thank everyone who gave an input to make this story as beautiful as it is . This story is (? ) three, quarters, of facts and (1/4)one quarter fiction. How to cite Monday Morning, Essay examples

A Study on Funding Program

Question: Discuss about theA Study on Funding Program. Answer: Project Summary Tourism is an issue that is worth rethinking and especially in the eyes of the Project Sponsors and the developer of the Tourism Project. It is especially important for most World Heritage Sites to ensure that they develop tourism by improving the facilities and entertainment sites and in this way preserve the heritage of the tourism site and make it more profitable. Funding and resources to create an appealing and popular tourism spot is often an issue since there is always a lack of support in the form of monetary and planning for such sites and also there is a resource crunch in terms of the required skills which are required to create a business scope at such heritage sites. It is an important aspect of sustainable development and its vital that people exchange their ideas and help other sites develop, and in return develop their own. Its important to make plans and think of ways to develop tourism and improve ways to generate income. In this proposal, we will outline the broader objectives and activities in order to implement the development of a tourism site in Australia in the Hyde Park Nature Reserve. Project Background Tourism has an immense effect on an economy, it can do harm and it can bring luck. It can undoubtedly be associated with the flames in a fire pit. The flames, quite similar to what tourism can attain, can provide warmth and cook food; also it can disrupt the normal life and burn everything down like a flame. It can be seen that a large portion of people throughout the globe are associated with or resort to businesses or jobs that rely on tourism especially in the Australian Nature Reserves. By developing the tourism in the Hyde Park Nature Reserve, tourism can be a great way for the countries to generate funds and grow businesses, it can also hamper the natural biological system of a spot. Another common problem associated with the popularization of tourism at a spot is that local commodities are sold at high prices, putting pressure on the average consumers(Dr.Font, 2012). A lot of factors matter in case of the popularization of a special spot. These include location, weather, the b iological diversity and more. This makes it really important to incorporate the sustainable usage of the local biodiversity. The successful and planned use of the local resources can create a profitable arrangement for the country. (KERÄÂ °MOÄÅ ¾LU, 2011). The Challenge is also to make the tourism spot socially and environmentally safe for travel and for the inhabitants. It is the duty of Government officials and environmentalists and planners to create a plan for the development of a tourism spot. It needs to be noted that the team will have to work with local officials and take their help for developing a plan. The local products and handworks can also be a great way to earn revenue from the sales and create better facilities and capacity for the Heritage Sites all around the world. Throughout the years it has been seen that the original tourism venues have become popular around World Heritage enters and this system has shown that the tourism industry can be used for the application of Sustainable tourism, The WHC has prescribed seven dos and donts for the tourism business which include creating a limitation for the local administration and their power over the industry. The other aspect is to provide training and education to locals about history of site and creating new job roles for individuals in the form of guides.(Sofield, 2003). No venture is successful without proper promotion, so the WHC instructs the administrators to look into ways to promote the World Heritage Sites to become popular in national and international levels. The WHC also instructs the locals as well as administrators to have pride in their heritage sites and ask for cooperation for creating new and attractive tourism services. The preservation of these sites need constant flow of money s o the tourism revenues generated from these sites can be used to help keep the heritage site in the best condition for the future generations. Also the needed assurance is to preserve the nearby lands and find out ways to incorporate them in the planning. Lastly the WHC also asks the administrators and others to understand the functions of the WHC and create ways for people and supporters to understand the situations and changing markets. It is to be understood that handling and making a world heritage site an attraction and a popular destination requires constant change in perception from the committee and its members. Electronic media as well as print media can be used for promotions. (Committee, 2007) Project Outline Comparing all the industries and business sectors throughout the globe very few can match up to the growth and development of the Tourism sector. Itis evaluated to speak to 9% of worldwide GDP, while adding to 8.9% of aggregate occupation (266 million employees) International tourism positions fourth (after fills, chemicals and car items) in worldwide fares, with an area estimation of US$1 trillion a year, representing 30% of the world's fares of business administrations or 6% of aggregate fares. Particularly for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) the development of tourism is of most extreme monetary significance. In roughly 50% of LDCs, tourism represents more than 40% of GDP and is the most imperative wellspring of outside trade. In 2012 the quantity of universal tourist entries achieved 1 billion (1.035 billion) surprisingly. According to the International Trade Center (ITC), LDCs, perceiving tourism's financial potential, have made the segment a focal mainstay of their financial i mprovement objective. Other than the positive parts of tourism development, there likewise normally exist considerable dangers as far as the debasement of the socio-social, financial and ecological resources of destinations around the world. Tourism as a transversal financial area, with its intricate supply chains and multi-partner systems can be utilized as a capable framework to methodically support the movement towards more sustainable, cleaner and low-carbon advancement development. Embracing the SCP approach in tourism outline and operations can likewise urge customers to move towards more sustainable utilization decisions(Programme, 2005). The tourism business and WHC has issued a special program, namely the World Heritage Tourism Program which encourages the development of tourism activities and especially sustainable tourism development. The aim is to keep the site safe and usable for the future generations and increase chances of business and profits for locals and also increasing revenues. empowers sustainable tourism activities at World Heritage sites, including executing approaches, went for safeguarding the site for future eras. Potential associations between the tourism business and the World Heritage Tourism Program could put in movement a vital arrangement of activities to prepare assets for expanding specialized help to World Heritage sites and neighborhood groups and testing inventive thoughts on open private activities for site assurance and preservation (Brandl, 2015). The action plan could be to involve the local people as they are aware of the terrain and they can help in participating in beautifying the region. It generally happens in a tourism place that the local people are more concerned with the changes being proposed and made in order to improve the tourism in that specific location. Preparing nearby individuals of a community to exercise action in improvising the tourism related exercises has a lot of advantages like there would be an ownership in terms of proposing and working towards an effective implementation of the local areas of conceivable participation incorporate backing, in order to create a program for the local guides. The local people need to be made aware of their history, provided training as and when needed and should be taught English well to help them communicate with others well. The local history and the stories need to be provided to the local guides and tour conductors to engage visitors. Reading material, leaflets, p amphlets and other products should be made available for the tourists. The actual people who have been inhabitants around the site should have knowledge about local stories, food and other destinations. Regular planning and asking for donations can ultimately provide the basis for the successful implementation of the tourism plan at heritage sites. The tourism should be seen as a medium to raise funds for preserving and betterment of the existing World Heritage site and its neighborhood. Also there could be an option to create a nature identical situation where tourists can take help of large towers or watchtowers that can be used to provide visitors with a nature identical feel. (Baumgartner, 2000). Outcomes Tit is thus understood that the development of a Sustainable Tourism Project has the power to extend the capabilities and create new goals. It is required that more people are educated about the World Heritage sites and provide them with tools that can empower them. To create better tourism aspects and earn better revenue from increased tourists. The aim for such project is not to create new mediums or create better awareness among participants so that they can create additional means to earn revenue. The need today is a worldwide convention and planning for a way to synchronize the matter of growth for the local, international, group and also those who are to financially support the subject. The need is for all delegates and investors to disown and create a plan to conserver the tourism center, (Dwyer, 2011). References Baumgartner, C., 2000. Sustainable Tourism Nature Conservation, s.l.: Environment Agency Austria. Brandl, K., 2015. Sustainable Tourism Nature Conservation, s.l.: Environment Agency Austria. IRACI, H., 2012. Sustainable tourism development, s.l.: Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul, TURKEY . Committee, G. B. P. H. o. C. E. A., 2007. Trade, development and environment: the role of the FCO, fifth report of session 2006-07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence. s.l.:The Stationery Office. Dr.Font, X., 2012. Donor funded tourism projects: factors for success, s.l.: ICRT occasional paper. Dwyer, L., 2011. The Discovery of Tourism Economics. s.l.:Emerald Group Publishing. Hong, S. W.-C., 2008. Competitiveness in the Tourism Sector: A Comprehensive Approach from Economic and Management Points. illustrated ed. s.l.:Springer Science Business Media. KERÄÂ °MOÄÅ ¾LU, E., 2011. Sustainable tourism development and a governance model for Frig Valley, s.l.: Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Architecture,. Programme, U. N. E., 2005. Forging links between protected areas and the tourism sector: how tourism can benefit conservation. s.l.:UNEP/Earthprint. Sofield, T. H. B., 2003. Empowerment for Sustainable Tourism Development. s.l.:Emerald Group Publishing.

Suggestions for Future Strategies in Analysis of Parental Involvement in School Administration

Background The roles of teachers and parents are shifting due to the changing socio-economic conditions that force parents to spend more time at work, making the roles of teachers look more like those of parents. At the same time, parents have to perform the duties of educators at home and take an active part in educational activities in terms of academic curriculum in case a student is not able to perceive the material effectively.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Suggestions for Future Strategies in Analysis of Parental Involvement in School Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, the role of parents in school administration is very important as is allows all stakeholders to benefit, especially students who are proven to perform better in the framework of academic curriculum when their parents are actively involved in school administration. Aims and objectives The aims of this dissertat ion proposal include identifying potential benefits of parental involvement in school administration for students’ performance and the roles of other stakeholders in this case with regard to the emerging need for such measures and likelihood of parents to partake in management activities. The objectives of this proposal include the following: Identify the current roles of stakeholders; Trace the tendencies in academic administration; Suggest possible ways for combining the roles of parents with educating activities; Analyse the experience of student management in schools by parents; Evaluate theoretical frameworks available on the issue; Apply theoretical models to the current situation. It is necessary to identify the roles of parents in student management and possible benefits in students’ academic performance. Literature Review Historic role of education. The necessity of developing intellectual skills have been analysed by many researchers that also emphasised ed ucation as means for reaching outstanding results. Chambers and Chambers (1854) explain that â€Å"The instincts and mental peculiarities of the brute creation, notwithstanding their immeasurable inferiority to the mind of man have hitherto presented very high difficulties in the way of their rational explanation† (p. 1). As claimed by Friedman (1955), special treatment of education in society has long been discussed: Education is today largely paid for, and almost entirely administered by governmental bodies or non-profit institutions. This has developed gradually and is now taken so much for granted that little explicit attention is any longer directed to the reasons for the special treatment of education even in countries that are predominantly free enterprise in organization and philosophy (par. 2).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, education should be perce ived not merely as the formal activity that enables a student to obtain a diploma but as a process that enables people to attain their goals in life, obtain higher positions in terms of professional development, and play active role in the social changes. International experience. International experience in terms of academic curriculum and administration should be taken into account while special attention should be given to the ways students from other countries are treated with regard to the parent involvement in school administration. For instance, â€Å"†¦ as Islam expanded to other regions and came into contact with other indigenous traditions and languages, it became necessary to create a cadre of Muslim experts who would develop sophisticated writings and textbooks†¦ Thus began the tradition of Madrassa† (Anzar, 2003, p. 3). Across the world, Christian churches have been building schools for both the young and the old over the last 1000 years by following t he model used in Ancient Greece. Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs) or Board of Governors (BOGs) run schools in different countries all over the world becoming active participants of the management process being able to influence the curricula and other aspects that they consider as harmful or ineffective for children, at the same time, introducing innovative measures into school administration. â€Å"Involving parents in their own children’s education at home is not enough†¦ to ensure the quality of schools as institutions serving the community, parents must be involved at all levels in the school† (Allison Canadian Education Association, 2004). A possible improvement would come in the form of parents taking on teaching and mentorship roles among the students (Lucas, 2006). Current situation. School teachers and administrators have difficulties accommodating the increasing demands placed on them by parents and the ever-improving education curricula that countrie s all over the world are adapting. As such, Jones (2010) suggests that â€Å"lack of parental support can also lead to teachers taking on the role of parents† (2010, p. 2). Administrators and teachers therefore face the increasing challenge of staying true to the ideals of schooling or adapting quasi-parental roles in the school setting. This approach has deepened with the creation of boarding schools, especially in middle-income and low-income countries in which students cannot afford to go back home on a daily basis.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Suggestions for Future Strategies in Analysis of Parental Involvement in School Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scholastic (2009) indicates that benefits of adapting the hybrid educational model are obvious: â€Å"Students whose parents are part of their school-life earn better grades and higher test scores, attend school more regula rly, exhibit better social skills, and adapt better to school.† Moreover, parents can track the activities and progress of their children, enabling the educators to identify and solve problems related to the academic progress of students immediately with active parents. â€Å"Parental involvement allows parents to monitor school and classroom activities, and to coordinate their efforts with teachers. Teachers of students with highly involved parents tend to give greater attention to those students†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Education, 2005). Possible solutions. The home setup can complement the school system since children naturally expect to learn from their parents. At the same time, parents may not have special skills for providing their children with educational instructions. The proliferation of the Home-Schooling movement across the world bears witness to the effectiveness of parents as educators and children as students in the home setting, â€Å"These are wonderful opportunities to get to know your children and have them get to know you† (Joye, 2005). In this respect, parents can play a crucial role in school management in terms of helping students and guiding them as well as providing support and evaluating the best practices to be adopted by educational institutions. Epstein’s six types of parent involvement. Examples of hybrid systems that have benefited students abound across the globe can be easily found in most contemporary educational institutions whereas the Epstein’s Six Types of Parent Involvement model is considered to be the most favoured one. In this approach, parental participation in education involves six areas comprising home and school activities (ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, 2001). First on the list of offered activities is parenting, that entails helping families to setup homes that encourage children in their academic endeavours.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second is communicating that involves utilization of home-to-school and school-to-home systems of communication about student programs and student progress, â€Å"Some teachers involved parents in academic activities such as reading and tutoring, while other teachers turned to parents to relieve them of duties that otherwise would get in the way of teaching† (Education Oasis, 2001). The next on the list is volunteering and participation using parental support to recruit and organize. The fourth is home lessons, where families receive ideas on how to help students with curriculum-related material. Fifth is decision making and participation where parents participate in school decisions and administrative processes (ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, 2001). Parental involvement factsheet of Michigan. According to the Parental Involvement Factsheet of the state of Michigan, USA, the involvement of parents in school administration are manifold (Michigan Department of Ed ucation, 2002). One of the most important benefits listed in the Parental Involvement Factsheet is that intense parental involvement produces improved student performance progressively and when parents are involved, students have higher grades and graduation rates, better school attendance, increased motivation, better self-esteem, lower rates of suspension, decreased use of drugs and alcohol, and fewer instances of violent behaviour (Michigan Department of Education, 2002). As such, it is essential for parents to partake in educational activities for school management. A study by British researchers shows that parents are eager to be involved in their children’s education: â€Å"In total, nearly three quarters (72%) of parents agreed that they would like more involvement, but only a third (35%) ‘definitely’ agreed† (Williams, Williams Ullman, 2002). This shows that most parents would participate in educating their child if only they receive guidance on h ow to do it. Methodology As a part of the dissertation proposal, a list of methods should be provided to outline the main area of research, data collection opportunities, data analysis opportunities and limitations, sampling methods if surveys or other experiments are to be used.  As such, it is necessary to emphasise that this should be qualitative rather than quantitative research-based mostly on secondary sources, whereas opinion polls can become a great part of the research leading it to another direction. As this is a proposal, it is likely that the focus of the research will change as soon as the process of collecting the materials starts. In this respect, there are few proposed fields for research as it goes: The research focuses on the role of parents in school administration in terms of parental involvement into the educational process in terms of support, tracking progress, contributing to improving progress and increasing motivation, and other issues. In this case, it is preferable to analyse grades information from educational institutions before and after adapting active parental involvement models. The research, in this case, would be quantitative, aimed at identifying the positive changes reflected in students’ grades. Besides, it is possible to analyse emotional constraints if children dislike their parents being involved in their academic activities. Conducting a survey among educators give an insight of the educational perspective on the issue of parental involvement. At the same time, it is necessary to obtain written consents from all stakeholders regarding the information permitted for publication and data that should be provided for counting and forming the visual presentation of effects without disclosing personal information. The research focuses on the roles of parents in school administration in terms of parents and students involved only. As such, it might be a merely qualitative research including questionnaires with open- ended questions where parents may tell about their perception of the school administration activities and if they consider it effective or ineffective with regard to students’ performance. At the same time, it is necessary to know the opinion of students and their ability to study under severe parental control. It is essential to identify how students perceive parental involvement and administration in educational institutions where the model is already adapted and in those that still do not have active parental involvement. Moreover, it is possible to analyse the general tendencies if students want their parents to spend more time and effort on their education and what effects they expect parental involvement to have on their academic progress. Problems/Opportunities Problems in the current research proposed may be related to obtaining a written consent from parents, educators, and students to access the grade records and analyse those. Moreover, it is necessary to decide o n the direction to be selected for the research concerning more attention given to the perception of active parental involvement model or on the shifts that take place in roles of parents and educators. At the same time, it is possible to analyse students and their insight of the situation; asking students if they like active involvement of their parents in academic activities and comparing perceptions of all stakeholders including the ministry of education as the main body that suggests and recommends certain systems to be adapted. Timescale/Gantt Chart Reference List Allison, P. A., Canadian Education Association, 2004. Parents’ participation in school improvement processes. Toronto: Canadian Education Association. Anzar, U., 2003. A brief history of madrassas with comments on curricula and current pedagogical practices. Narrative. Cairo: Al-Azhar University Press. Chambers, W. Chambers, R., 1854. Chambers’s papers for the people. Edinburgh: Lippincott. Education Oasis, 2001. Working with parents: advice from teachers. Web. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, 2001. About parent involvement. Web. Friedman, M., 1955. The role of government in education. Economics and the Public Interest. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Jones, B., 2010. Challenges that teachers face in the classroom. Web. Joye, C. W., 2005. Homeschooling more than one child. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Liesen, L. T., 1999. Mother nature: a history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. Lucas, B., 2006. Involving parents in schools. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Michigan Department of Education, 2002. Final Parent Involvment Work Sheet.  Web. Scholastic, 2009. Parent involvement. Web. U.S. Department of Education, 2005. Parent involvement in schools. Web. Williams, B., Williams, J., Ullman, A., 2002. parental involvement in education. Norwich: Queen’s Printer Department for Education and Skills. This research paper on Suggestions for Future Strategies in Analysis of Parental Involvement in School Administration was written and submitted by user Luciano O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Human Resource Management Issues

Human Resource Management Issues Types of Human Resource Management Issues in International Business International human resource management is defined as the effective process of procuring, allocating and utilizing human resources in multinational corporations. The issues that are considered to affect human resource management in foreign establishments are as discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human Resource Management Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culture â€Å"Culture is defined as a set of assumptions, rules, and values about social interaction† (Hofstede, 2003). â€Å"HRM personnel should develop culture sensitive policies that are acceptable within the local culture.† (Sims, Schraeder, 2004). According to Hofstede (2003) the following are factors that differ in national cultures and should be considered in defining management practices. Power Distance –Organizations in high power distance develop centralized and bureaucratic structures while those in low power distance are decentralized with more organic structures. Uncertainty Avoidance –In high uncertainty avoidance countries, people tend to rely on experts and ensure greater stability while those in low uncertainty avoidance areas take risks more lightly. Individualism-Collectivism – Individualism implies that everyone should be independent while collectivism holds that everyone should needs the other. Masculinity-Femininity – â€Å"Masculine societies emphasize the need to achieve something tangible while Feminine societies value helping others, having better quality living, and increased relationships with others† (Sims, Schraeder, 2004). Economic Factors HRM practices are usually determined by the economic systems in different countries. â€Å"In free enterprise systems, the need for efficiency favors HRM policies that value productivity; while in socialists systems, policies ten d to prevent unemployment regardless of the efficiency.† (â€Å"Global Human Resource Management,† n.d). Political Regulations and Policies Different countries have differences in industrial relations such as the governing relationship between the employer, employee, and unions. Employees of some nations are usually given legal rights to take part in formulation of company policies while others do not enjoy such rights. When expanding to a particular country, their governing policies may impact the rate at which a company can develop within the region. Educational, Managerial, and Technological Development in Host Country There are several challenges produced by different countries in relation to the need for expansion by multicultural companies. For example, a multicultural company with an aim of expanding its operations in Europe will be faced by different issues and challenges as compared to one with intentions of expanding its operations in China. The available work force in China may be less educated as compared to their European counterparts, thus, fetch lesser compensation. Firm’s International Experience Firms with longer periods of service in the international markets acquire better skills in maintaining a competitive edge. As compared to global players, new entrants in the international business lack the experience and knowledge of the market and may think of it as uncertain and unpredictable. Types of Staffing Policy Approaches in International HRM International Staffing Policy is a factor that has great impact on companies operating in the international arena. Generally, international staffing has greater challenges as compared to domestic staffing. Therefore, different approaches have been identified and are used by International human resource management.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The three main staffing approaches that are used for staffing in International HRM include; ethnocentric staffing, polycentric staffing, and geocentric staffing (â€Å"Global Human Resource Management,† n.d). In an ethnocentric approach, firms tend to employ people from the parent-country nationals (PCN) to take key managerial positions. The advantages associated with this approach include; the nationals’ familiarity with company goals, policies, procedures, products and technology. However, the disadvantages of this approach include; poor expatriate adaptation, lack of expatriates effectiveness, and underdevelopment of local managers. This approach is normally used in the early stages of internationalization and in a centralized approach to globalization. In a polycentric staffing approach, host-country managers (HCN/local managers) are usually given key positions in their own country of residence. This is usually the scenario due to the belief that local managers understand host c ountry market in relation to culture and behavior, thus, deemed to be more suitable for key positions. The advantages of this approach are the lower cost of hiring local managers, who may also be in better positions to advise on sensitive political issues. However, the disadvantages with this approach include; locals conflicting loyalty, difficulties in coordination with the headquarters, and lack of valuable experience by headquarter managers (â€Å"Global Human Resource Management,† n.d). Lastly, in the geocentric approach, firms tend to employ managers from any other country other than the host country to take key managerial positions. These natives from other countries are referred to as third country nationals (TCN). In this approach, there is an assumption that the best candidate to recruit in a firm can be found anywhere on the globe (â€Å"Global Human Resource Management,† n.d). The benefits of using third country nationals include; availability of broad exper ience, multilingualism, and an international outlook. In the international arena, multinational companies have been identified to increasingly recruit third country and host-country nationals to fill positions in their international subsidiaries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human Resource Management Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evaluation of the Expatriate Management Policy in HRM (UAE Case) Generally, expatriates in the UAE have been governed by tough HRM management policies. Most of the expatriates living in the region had to undergo various tight checks before being accepted in the country. Recently, however, some of these governing policies have either been removed or reduced to a certain level. Below are areas which have been under check by the policies. Expatriate Entry Requirements The UAE Ministry of Health is working on a law in cooperation with the ministry of labor to ensure that e xpatriates are disease free before entering the country (UAE mulls new HIV/AIDS test policy, 2007). This is in accordance with the introduction of a new policy by UAE requiring that all expatriates seeking jobs in the region are HIV/AIDS free. Citizenship Initially, expatriates in the UAE could not enjoy citizenship rights regardless of the number of years they lived there. This also applied to their UAE-born children because they were not considered as citizens either. However, this has changed in states like Dubai where expatriates living for more than 20 years will be issued with a UAE passport. The expatriates will then be issued with a document that will enable them to be treated like nationals. However, UAE residency law does not offer permanent residency, but on renewable basis (Now expats in Dubai can get UAE passport, 2005). End-of-service gratitude policy In accordance to the UAE law, it is a requirement that all employers pay their employees an end-of service gratuity whi ch is similar to pension (UAE consider changes, 2010). Currently, reports show that UAE officials are pushing for organization to be paying expatriates an end-of service gratuity. This is intended to make funds available to companies in case of sudden financial constraints. In the current UAE pay skim, expatriates earn 21 days’ pay for the first 5 years of employment and 30 days’ pay for the remaining years (UAE consider changes, 2010). Reference List Global Human Resource Management. (n.d). Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hofstede, G. (2003). Cultures Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors,  Institutions, and Organizations across Nations. New York: Sage Publications. Now expats in Dubai can get UAE passport. (2005, July 25). Web. Sims, R. H., Schraeder M. (2004) An Examination of Salient Factors Affecting  Expatriate Culture Shock. (2004). Web. UAE consider changes to end-of-service gratuity policy for expatriates. (2010, December 14). Web. UAE mulls new HIV/AIDS test policy for expatriate job seekers. (2007, August 1). Web.

Free will, determinism, compatibilism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Free will, determinism, compatibilism - Essay Example Hence, the issue of fate and freewill become vital aspects in this discussion. Freewill and determinism is both true in their own distinct spheres. Freewill has been misidentified throughout history by the fact that freewill is not a mechanistic process. So what is freewill? Freewill is a perception that an individual possess the total control or ability to make decisions that will have an impact in their life. In essence, free will insists that individuals control their destiny. Individuals that exercise free will have total conscious control over their decisions. Although external factors do play a vital role in certain scenarios; the decision ultimately rests upon the individual. Freewill is a meaningful theory that insists on unlimited experience of choice. Free will is a doctrine that refutes the idea of pre-destination. Freewill is a choice that individual possess that yields an outcome which is unknown. The concept itself is very unique in a sense that it does take into accoun t of external factors. One of the most prominent scholars that examined this issue very carefully was known as Al-Ghazzili.

China and Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

China and Globalization - Assignment Example United States recent tours in the Middle East were aimed at eliminating tariff and the creation of free trade zones through expansive trade networks agreements (Hao, 13). Additionally, in the globalization age, the two nation’s relations have enabled strong interdependent economic relationships that exist as the debtor-creditor and importer-exporter between China and the United States. These aspects have significantly enabled the two nations to resort and caution to trade diplomacy instead of engaging in military threats and retaliatory competition to resolve differences. On its part, the Chinese government has been on a mission to construct new relationship type with the big powers across the globe (Hao, 13). Currently, Eastern Asia has become a priority for the USA government after the preoccupation with terrorism decade. To date, things have changed especially with China becoming an economic, military and a technological powerhouse after the United States. These aspects are heavily posing various challenges to the U.S government. They are also raising strategic stakes for U.S government (Hao, 13). Additionally, the China government is fielding nuclear forces of the second generation an aspect that can overwhelm the United States of America missile defenses. These aspects can also strike the U.S. Alternatively, the China government is on a mission to develop computer networks and attack satellites, which the United States security and prosperity depend. In doing all these, the United States of America tends to be increasingly vulnerable to attacks from the Eastern Asia (Hao, 17). Both People’s Republic of China and the United States of America government have the wherewithal in maintaining strategic nuclear forces and the development of cyber-war capabilities and anti-satellite abilities. The two nations are eying each other’s motivation, which generally

Literature Review - The perception of pain Essay

Literature Review - The perception of pain - Essay Example Pain causes suffering and renders an individual incapable of carrying out his or her daily activities. Pain may have several negative feelings attached with it, but the function of pain is to protect the individual from further or exacerbating an injury. For instance, when an individual’s hand touches a hot pan, the reflexive withdrawal is the best example to demonstrate this aspect of pain and how it protects the individual from skin burn. Similarly, the excruciating muscle pain during over-exertion clearly indicates that an individual needs to rest and shows that pain can have its benefits, despite the suffering and misery it puts one through. Pain also teaches people to avoid certain behaviors that can trigger the pain and acts as a reinforcer of safety behavior. (Gambert, 2010) Pain is classified into two forms that is acute and chronic pain by Turk, Meichenbaum and Genest. Acute pain is the onset of pain and last for only a few days and it occurs due to tissue damage and has a protective purpose. In other words the source of the acute pain can easily be seen. Certain examples of acute pain include heart attack pain, acute appendicitis, sprain, fractures or lacerations. Chronic pain is a type of pain that lasts for a period of six months or more than that. It is a slow, throbbing pain and usually and may persist for a very long time. Chronic pain is further divided into three categories that is chronic recurrent pain, which is experienced by people suffering from migraines; it is characterized by bouts of no pain in the middle. (Hartvigsen et.al, 2004) The second category is called chronic intractable; the pain experienced is benign but it persists throughout the individual’s life. An example of chronic intractable pain would be lower back pain. The third category is called chronic progressive, whereby the pain is experienced by the individual with increasing intensity. Cancer pain is one such example of chronic progressive whereby, the pain i ntensity increases as the condition of the patient exacerbates with time. The persistence and intensity of chronic depends on a number of factors such as social support and environmental variables that reinforce pain behavior; for instance, if the pain behavior is followed secondary benefits from the individual’s environment then the pain is likely to persist for a very long time. Also individual personality, resistance and resilience play a great role how the pain is perceived and managed by the individual. (Hartvigsen et.al, 2004) Pain may have several functions; however, researchers have often conducted detailed researches regarding how pain is transmitted from the region of injury and processed in the central control unit that is brain. The oldest theory regarding the transmission of pain is called the specificity theory developed by Renee Descartes. This model to explain pain transmission was based on the premise that there is a particular pain pathway that gets activate d every time an individual sustains an injury. This theory was very short on detail and shed no light as to where this pathway was located in the body and did not answer the fundamental question that is how can the pain pathway gets activated regardless of where the injury is sustained and how different kinds of pain are transmitted through one pathway. (Sullivan et.al, 2001) The theory had many shortcomings but remained the most dominant angle on the subject

Far Right Propaganda A Historical Analysis

Far Right Propaganda A Historical Analysis The parallels between modern far right propaganda and Nazi propaganda leading up to world war two. Propaganda is defined in the oxford dictionary as Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view. Propaganda is biased, persuasive and not objective; a form of media usepd to promote a point of view or political stance. Propaganda has been used throughout history to influence and shape views by selectively presenting information and withholding facts. The language and imagery used in political propaganda is carefully selected to conjure an emotional response from an audience rather than a more rational response. The word propaganda is a word derived from the name of a new administrative body of the Catholic Church in 1622 entitled Congregatio de Propaganda Fide which translates as Congregation for the propagating the Faith or informally just propaganda.   Ã‚   There are three different types of propaganda; black, white and grey. White propaganda is the most credible and comes from a source that is identified correctly, and the information in the message tends to be accurate (Jowett and ODonnell, 2012, p.17). The source is often well respected and the information is truthful, however, presented in a way which is biased to convince the audience that they have the best knowledge of political ideology. The best example of white propaganda is newspaper publishing throughout history as the source is clear however the content can vary depending on the political views of the writer. Grey propaganda is a type of propaganda that falls between black and white propaganda; it is often created by a private organisation yet presents itself like a credible source. Grey propaganda can be described best as The source may or may not be correctly identified, and the accuracy of the information is uncertain (Jowett and ODonnell, 2012 p.20). In recent years the problem of fake news stories online is the most obvious version of modern grey propaganda. Black propaganda is the least credible type of propaganda and often comes from a fake or unidentified source and is used predominantly to spread lies. Black propaganda is often created with the intention of being portrayed as a credible source. A good example of the use of black propaganda was seen in the run-up to the 2007 federal election in Australia. Members of the liberal party circulated flyers around Sydney under the pretence of being circulated by an organisation called the Islamic Australia Federation. These flyers recognized the Australian L ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­abour party for supporting Islamic fundamentalists and terrorism. The purpose of this was to conjure fear in the public and alter their political alliances. In Germany in the 1930s, propaganda played a very large part in how the Nazi Party were perceived. Control over what people in Germany could see was heavily restricted which meant obvious propaganda was used in all media including literature, art, music, film, newspapers and radio. Dr Joseph Goebbels was put in charge of propaganda with the official title Minister of Propaganda and National Enlightenment. It was his role to ensure nobody in Germany could see or read anything that could be damaging to the reputation of the Nazi party. Graphic design is key in conveying the messages of propaganda. All art is propaganda. It is universally and inescapably propaganda; sometimes unconsciously, but often deliberately, propaganda. This is according to Upton Sinclair, an American author and political commentator, and in the case of Nazi propaganda this was very true and deliberate. Views put across in Nazi propaganda seemed extreme in modern Britain until very recently. The idea that people were taken in by this blatant propaganda seems ludicrous, until you start to look at the startling correlation between imagery and views in Nazi propaganda leading up to world war two and propaganda created by far right groups in recent years. Historical context and Nazi propaganda paragraph Brexit Paragraph Left: A Nazi propaganda film. The images come from a BBC documentary currently on Netflix called Auschwitz: Nazis and the final solution. Right: Nigel Farage, leader of UKIP during the European referendum, standing in front of a UKIP pro-leave poster. Despite not being part of the official leave campaign during the European Referendum in June 2015, Nigel Farage, Leader of far right political party UKIP made constant headlines throughout the campaign. The most controversial piece of propaganda over the last few weeks of campaigning was UKIPs breaking point poster which depicts a long line of refugees trying to reach Europe. The photograph was taken by photographer Jeff Mitchell and shows refugees passing through an old railway line in Slovenia after being kettled by police, explaining the traumatised look on their faces. Jeff Mitchell intentionally took the shot to show the volume of people from an impartial humanitarian point of view as he explains It was a very flat walk, so I scoped out a bridge to shoot from. I knew exactly what lens I was going to use, to compress the group, to show how many people were there. I could have walked with them the whole length, photographing how people were struggling, but you can sum it all up in one picture.. The photograph is now one of the most memorable images of the right wing pro-leave campaign and far right politics in Britain. The text and design of the poster is also important. The banner along the bottom is very simple and easy to read and also looks extremely similar to the format of the leave.eu official campaigns posters which could potentially have been planned to blur the line between the two. The Breaking Point poster was intended to evoke an emotional response from the audience. The image of the hundreds of predominantly male refugees was used so that British people voting in the referendum would feel fear or perhaps a need to protect their country from the unknown. Far right groups use fear and scaremongering in this way to incite hatred of foreigners and different races and religions. In the lead up to World War II, Nazi propaganda films were also used to spark this same sense of fear using volume of people. In my first image you can see a still from a 1941 Nazi newsreel showing the march of Bessarabian Jews in Romania. In this same newsreel, the Jews are also referred to as parasites which links strongly to how refugees are perceived today. The two images have a lot in common in both appearance and political message and both aim to evoke the same response from the audience fear and hatred. Although, different Medias, the photography is similar and has been directly p lanned in order to show as many people as possible in the image. In the case of the Breaking Point poster, UKIP have appropriated this image for their own political cause, whereas in the Nazi newsreel, it is highly likely this was done intentionally. Another parallel between the two images which explain their form and the faces of those photographed is the events leading up to the images. In the photograph of the Jews travelling through Romania they were forced to walk in such a line similarly to the refugees in Slovenia who were kettled by police before being walked in a certain direction. But the most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly and with unflagging attention. It must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over. Here, as so often in this world, persistence is the first and most important requirement for success. Adolf Hitler The most effective way to destroy people is to deny and obliterate their own understanding of their history. George Orwell US politics The American fascists are most easily recognized by their deliberate perversion of truth and fact. Their newspapers and propaganda carefully cultivate every fissure of disunity, every crack in the common front against fascism. Henry A. WallaceRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/henry_a_wallace.html The United States has its own propaganda, but its very effective because people dont realize that its propaganda. And its subtle, but its actually a much stronger propaganda machine than the Nazis had but its funded in a different way. Crispin GloverRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/search_results.html?q=propaganda+nazi Progressives know there is something very wrong when a nation divided politically has one major network operating as a propaganda arm of the Republican Party and 90 percent of talk radio is dominated by right-wing extremists. Bernie SandersRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/search_results.html?q=right+wing+propaganda

Comparison of the Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and

The Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe   The characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe are portrayed as resembling trained soldiers, being capable of clear thought during tense and troubled times. This quality possessed within Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver is a result of the author's background and knowledge. Daniel Defoe was knowledgeable and proficient in seamanship, he understood the workings of a ship and the skills required for its operation. Daniel Defoe, an intelligent man who is knowledgeable in self defense and military tactics, which is reflected in the actions of Robinson Crusoe who insists on always one step ahead of his opponent, wether it be an enemy, nature or himself. Robinson Crusoe is the know all, does all type of person. He becomes stranded on a desolate island and does whatever is necessary to survive. After being on the island for several years Crusoe learns to adapt to his surroundings (an important feature in becoming a good soldier) and lives with what he has. In the 17th century, the Catholic reform was sweeping through many parts of Europe. The period from 1600 to about 1750 is known as the Baroque Era. Throughout this period the Catholic Church was fighting back against the effects of the Renaissance. The people of the Renaissance society started to question their beliefs in the church and tried to rationally explain the world around them. Several crusades were fought throughout this period and in the end England and France became "Christianized." Robinson Crusoe was published during the Baroque Era and it contained a great amount of Catholicism. Crusoe becomes a good Christian during his lonely stay on the deserted island and converts his companion F... ... an attorney, a traitor, or the like: this is all according to the due course of things: but when I behold a lump of deformity and diseases, both in body and mind, smitten with pride, it im-mediatly breaks all the measures of my patience; neither shall I be ever able to comprehend how such an animal and such a vice could tally together. (Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels) Both Gulliver and Robinson are changing characters. At first they could not see the hidden details of life. But through solitude, trauma, conquest and failure have allowed both characters to realize the achievements, failures, and stupidity of man kind. Being able to rationalize from experience and calculation is a quality of a soldier. Works Cited: Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York: Bantam Books, 1991 ("Defoe") Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1959 Comparison of the Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and The Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe   The characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe are portrayed as resembling trained soldiers, being capable of clear thought during tense and troubled times. This quality possessed within Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver is a result of the author's background and knowledge. Daniel Defoe was knowledgeable and proficient in seamanship, he understood the workings of a ship and the skills required for its operation. Daniel Defoe, an intelligent man who is knowledgeable in self defense and military tactics, which is reflected in the actions of Robinson Crusoe who insists on always one step ahead of his opponent, wether it be an enemy, nature or himself. Robinson Crusoe is the know all, does all type of person. He becomes stranded on a desolate island and does whatever is necessary to survive. After being on the island for several years Crusoe learns to adapt to his surroundings (an important feature in becoming a good soldier) and lives with what he has. In the 17th century, the Catholic reform was sweeping through many parts of Europe. The period from 1600 to about 1750 is known as the Baroque Era. Throughout this period the Catholic Church was fighting back against the effects of the Renaissance. The people of the Renaissance society started to question their beliefs in the church and tried to rationally explain the world around them. Several crusades were fought throughout this period and in the end England and France became "Christianized." Robinson Crusoe was published during the Baroque Era and it contained a great amount of Catholicism. Crusoe becomes a good Christian during his lonely stay on the deserted island and converts his companion F... ... an attorney, a traitor, or the like: this is all according to the due course of things: but when I behold a lump of deformity and diseases, both in body and mind, smitten with pride, it im-mediatly breaks all the measures of my patience; neither shall I be ever able to comprehend how such an animal and such a vice could tally together. (Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels) Both Gulliver and Robinson are changing characters. At first they could not see the hidden details of life. But through solitude, trauma, conquest and failure have allowed both characters to realize the achievements, failures, and stupidity of man kind. Being able to rationalize from experience and calculation is a quality of a soldier. Works Cited: Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York: Bantam Books, 1991 ("Defoe") Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1959

DAIJ

Go through this process, writer will be more understand the messages that the author or artist want to convey. In addition, DAIS is actually more to the writer opinion and It can help writer to improve thinking skill from different angles. In DAIS, we no need to create anything and it only need a short of time to write DAIS. On the contrary, design thinking is a process create something that based on our client's opinion, benefit, requirement and condition. The whole design thinking process include empathic, define, ideate, prototype and test.In this process, we need to do a lot of research to collect information before we start designing, for example, observation, interview, survey, analysis data and etc. It will take longer time for the whole design thinking process, because it need times for gathering data, analysis data, brainstorm idea, testing and experiment. In conclusion, DAIS is based on writer own opinion and a process to understand creator message. On the other hand, desig n thinking is based on our clients benefit and requirement. These are the differences between DAIS and design thinking. ) When would you use DAIS and when would you use design thinking? When want to gather some information about artwork or images, I will use DAIS. Because DAIS is simple and suitable to collect data from artwork or image and an understand the artwork in details. When have my own clients who need me to help them solve their problem, I will use design thinking. It is more suitable to understand the need and the way to help my client. C) How are they related? Visualize the relationship graphically. The above image is about how DAIS related to design thinking.The design thinking process is created based on â€Å"the Right Brain initiative† website and then I add the DAIS between â€Å"empathic† until â€Å"prototype†. From my understanding DAIS is included in between empathic until prototype. It start with empathic; collecting data like description i n DAIS, understand our clients and the market trend. Then, define which is analysis the data we get, think from different angle to understand deeper. After that, follow by ideate, it's like interpretation from DAIS. From the view of designer, create something that can related to our clients product, means how to relate our own idea to clients product.Lastly is prototype, present our idea to the clients, try to convey and allow them to judge see whether the idea is suitable for them or not before experiment. This process is like judgment from DAIS. In conclusion, DAIS and design thinking is actually related to each other. Both also have their own advantages and both also can support each other. By using two method at the same time, can make the process more clear and easy to understand. 2. We have discussed a number of problems that needs to be addressed e. G. Single parent, homeless.In one of the tutorials, the different problems faced, research questions, hypotheses and proposed so lutions for single parents was discussed. Would DAIS or design thinking help you to identify better solutions? Why? Yes. DAIS or design thinking have their own step to find out the answer. By following with these step can help me understand and identify he problem easily. Furthermore, these steps can guide and improve my point of view of the problem. For example, we can use different angle to think and to solve the problem. 3. Based on the above, what does Picasso quote on research mean?What does having your own voice mean? Why do We need to acknowledge the source? What would you define as original? Based on the my research, Picasso quote can be define as art-based research can be defined as the systematic use of the artistic process, the actual making of artistic expressions in all of the different forms of the arts, as a primary way of understanding and examining experience by both researchers and the people that they involve in their studies. From my understanding, the word †Å"research† can define as experiment.Picasso explore himself by using art, he using painting to experiment the changing of the color and technique, and how it can change the element and the feeling of the whole painting. As a designer, we are not just sitting there and read data, we always need to experiment different kind of technique to gain knowledge and experience. This is what I understand from that quote. Having my own voice can be define as to stay strong and believe of my own pinion, to adhere my own decision, to speak out what I want to say or have my own freedom. The word â€Å"voice† can represent idea, choices, decision or freedom.For example, a boy making decision on what to study for degree, parent always hope he can go study as doctor, account or some others career that can earn a lot of money, the boy will choose the subject that he is not interest in, it is because the boy do not want to disappoint to his parent. In this situation, the boys voice being cover by his parent voice and he choose to listen his parent voice rather than his voice in his inner heart. We should rye to listen and believe our own voice, because this is our life. Speak out is the only way to get what we really want and what we really need.Based on my research, there are few reason that why we need to acknowledge the source. The first reason is to avoid plagiarism. Since we are borrowing people's facts or document to prove our research, we should be honest to give them credit to prove that we are borrowing their document and not stealing. The second reason is allow reader to know furthermore about the source of material we use. This not only can convince them, but also can help them understand more about what they interest in. The third reason is to enhance our credibility as a writer or researcher.To show how serious and important that this research to us, for example our research subject, objective, argument, ideas, experiment and so on. These are the three main reason that why we need to acknowledge the source. Original can be define as not only new but the very first or one of a kind. From my understanding, original means some object, thing that created by ourselves. It also mean the beginning of something. For example, as an artist, use to create my own anima character when I was free. I will get some references about how my character should act like.Let's say my character are standing, then I will follow those standing reference for my character. The output would be different because with my own art style it will look totally original by me. 4. What have you learnt from the exercise on abstraction? From the abstraction question 1, I had learnt how to think differently and see things from different angle. The meaning and message will change when we change another angle to understand the problem, it can change the tone of our thoughts from negative to positive. This is how those successful people thoughts.For example, create a AD vie w of the word â€Å"HI†, below is the image. As you can see, there are different be;men a, b, c, and d; a is opposite of c, the shape of b and d is same, but b is red color and d is black color. This show that a tiny changes will always bring different. Just like what Richard Bach said â€Å"A tiny change today brings a dramatically different tomorrow'. This is what I had learnt from the abstraction question 2. From the abstraction question 4, there are 2 different things that I learnt when I created an abstract kaleidoscope pattern; one is from Photos, another one is from Sony Vegas 13. . In Photos, I had learnt how to find he Photos tree brush to help me reduce the time on design the abstract art. Then, adding some sketches and TV noise effect on my abstract art. In Sony Vegas 13. 0, I had learnt how use front and side mirror effect to reflect my abstract art. After I reflected it, I added glowing light effect to make it like moving. In last step, is to change the color by using color correction. In my conclusion, had gain new knowledge from abstraction question 2 and 4 which are â€Å"think in different angle† and â€Å"some technical knowledge† in Sony Vegas 13. And Photos. 5. We have also discussed in 3-4 tutorials, what factors would attract the argent audience's attention and leaves them with a wow feeling. Identify these factors and how they are achieved from: a) The activities related to the handout on self-promotion In self-promotion section, we are requested to create a magazine cover that can convey message to the audience. My group are created a magazine cover about Christmas. We separated few step to achieve our goal.First, is to observe competitor's magazine cover, to analysis how they create the magazine, in what kind of style. From our observation and analysis we noticed that most of the Christmas magazine cover is more to the realistic ND warm feeling image. It looks normal and a bit boring with this kind of style, there fore we decide to change it to illustration style. We arranged different kind Of item to form a red Christmas tree on a simple white color layout to catch people attention from different kind of magazine. The spacing and color will emphasis the red Christmas tree.Our objective is to bring back audience childhood's memory and to convey audience to celebrate Christmas with their family. In this section, we learnt how to use the correct art style to promote the product and use the right image to convey message to audience. ) The activities related to the handout on brainstorm (for our clients) In brainstorm section, we are requested to help our client to solve their problem. My group are help a fashion customer to promote his new fashion brand named â€Å"SPACE†. At first, We are trying to understand our client company and his competitor.Then we will discuss with him about his requirement on promoting the brand, such as budge, printing media promotion, location of the printing m edia, the style of promotion, TV advertisement promotion, discount and etc. Based on the data we collect, we will try to search the related information and get some inspiration to create a ester. Based on this section, we learnt how to communicate and handle our client. It is important to do some survey or interview to our client, because sometime our client do not tell us what they really want or need, they confuse and do not understand what kind of information that graphic designer need. . What do you think fun, sustainable design and interactivity mean? Fun, sustainable design and interactivity can define as something that not only can entertain user, but also can deliver the message to user in creative way. With these fun, interactivity and sustainable design, will leave deep impression in the audience mind. User will remember it forever. For example, a horror website game named ‘the house†, this game is created by SHANGHAI. The house is a Flash horror point and clic k games. Player can experience the scary feeling in horror house by just clicking the item in rooms.It is fun and interesting. Remember the first time I play this game is in high school, it really leave me deep impression, until now I still remember this game. In conclusion, a design that include fun, interactivity and sustainable design will always leave deep impression for the audiences. 7. What have you learnt from the various topics covered in the syllabus? Elaborate on three which have impressed you the most. DAIS, design thinking and the process of creating an abstracting art is the things that had learnt.DAIS is one of the method that similar to the previous critique method that I learnt in History of Art. As method before in the question 1, DAIS is a process to gather information and collect data from critique artworks, images or photos. It includes description, analysis, interpretation and judgment. The reason why remember it is because we have discuss DAIS for few times an d we have use DAIS method to solve problem. Design thinking is the second method that always being discuss in lass or compare with DAIS in exercise.I had used this method for my final year project, it is very useful and it guide me a way to solve some of the final year question, therefore it leave deep impression for me. The third thing I learnt in this syllabus is creating abstraction art. The reason why it impressed me the most is because had created an abstract artwork by using Photos and Sony Vegas 13. 0. The process when creating that kaleidoscope pattern is really fun and enjoy. Experiment different effect like changing the color, adjusting the glowing lights effect and editing mirror affliction, this process is like expressing my feeling in art.As a designer or a creator, We should enjoy the process on creating something rather than outcome. In Bruce Man's quote, he mention that â€Å"Process is more important than outcome. When the outcome drives the process we will only ev er go to where we've already been. If process drives outcome we may not know where we're going, but we will know we want to be there. † In my conclusion, DAIS, design thinking and the process of creating an abstract art are method and technique skill that I learnt in this syllabus. Both method an be used in any others subject and can use it to solve the problem in future.

Matrix Concept in Management

Matrix Concept in Management Introduction The matrix structure is a management technique which diverts from the conventional manner of managing talent in the workplace. Often, the concept is applied throughout the organization, but there are cases where only part of the organization can be managed in this manner (Ford, 1992, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Matrix Concept in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What is unique about the matrix concept is that, there are several reporting channels to the top management, as opposed to the conventional one channel of reporting. In the past, many organizations were known to dissect employee talent according to employee product association or functional levels. However, the matrix structure combines the two platforms to create a dual reporting system. The matrix technique therefore works by integrating cross-functional work teams in the sense that, employees now report to various sections of a company’s top managerial team (Kuprenas, 2003, p. 52). The entire concept of matrix management was derived from a diagrammatic form of organizational management where there is a grid of functions and product groups bound to be accomplished by selected employee groups (Samson and Daft, 2009). The matrix concept is normally adopted where there are sophisticated products to be developed and the input of various departments ought to be incorporated to make the project a success. However, there have been increased concerns among managerial circles that, the matrix concept creates more problems than it can solve. This concern is registered because from the dual reporting system which the matrix structure incorporates, organizational design is complicated. This study focuses on the matrix structure as the first part of the study and in the second part of the study, an analysis of the concept of teamwork will be made. An analysis of the matrix structure will be done to establis h why the matrix concept is weak in applicability and in the second part of the study; this study explains why most managers today adopt the concept of teamworkAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Applicability of the Matrix Concept Though the matrix structure has been advanced as a formalized way of making the organizational design process efficient, it also creates new problems for organizations which adopt the concept. In this regard, the matrix concept exposes a lot of weaknesses in its application, such that, it sometimes beats the sense of adopting it in the first place. The dual reporting structure of the matrix concept is the major element of crisis for the concept because it exposes organizations to a lot of problems regarding the applicability of the concept. For instance, the dual reporting system envisioned in the concept is very costly for organizations to implement and therefore this affects the productivity of the concept (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis, 2005). More importantly, this problem is severe for organizations which are just starting up because they may lack the funds to bounce back into operations once they suffer severe operational losses. Through the dual reporting structure, the matrix concept creates a complex reporting system which causes a lot of confusion in the organization regarding which individual or department employees should report to. The chain of command is therefore distorted with the adoption of the matrix structure and chances of role ambiguity surfacing is high (Gottlieb, 2007, p. 2). This situation is likely to brew more conflict for organizations and especially individuals who hold high positions. This conflict is observed in form of interpersonal conflict because the matrix structure pits two individuals against one other (because employees report to both of them). Chances of superiority battles occur ring is therefore high and employees may find themselves caught up in the middle of the standoff since they may find themselves in a position where they have to pledge loyalty to a certain individual. For instance, a project manager may tell an employee to do one thing but another manager in a different department may tell the employee to do another thing which contravenes the first instruction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Matrix Concept in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This situation may corrode employee cohesion and reduces the synergy needed in completing given projects. It is therefore no surprise that, companies which have shifted their organizational designs from the conventional form to the matrix form experience high employee turnover as a result (Kuprenas, 2003, p. 53). The shortcomings of the matrix structure have also been practically evidenced in the United States (US) (in 1961-1978) wh en a quarter of the hospitals shifted their organizational designs to the matrix structure and later abandoned it after citing operational problems. At this point, several research studies were done to analyze why the concept was failing and it was discovered that, the matrix concept was more suited for larger organizations as opposed to smaller ones (Willmott, 2010, p. 114). However, this turned out not to be the case because subsequent studies done in General Motors (which is a large organization) revealed that, the concept was still not applicable because it was affirmed that, managers lost control of their departments, thereby decreasing productivity and efficiency. Teamwork Organizations have in the recent past greatly utilized the concept of teamwork in organizational processes. Teams are independent groups of people who work towards the achievement of a given organizational goal. The trend has picked up in the recent past because recent research findings show that, teamwork i s an efficient way of getting organizational objectives done within a short time (Parker, 2008, p. 183). The efficiency of teamwork has motivated more managers to nurture the concept because researchers who have past experiences in the use of the concept, acknowledge that, decisions are easily made in this regard and undertaking simple processes like encouraging employees to be more productive can significantly lead to a lot of improvements in the production process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some companies also use teams because it is a simple way of controlling the behaviors of employees. For instance, when employees work in teams, they feel obligated to ensure the success of the team at all costs and many would often not want to be singled out as the derailing cause in a given team. For instance, if an employee falls sick, chances are that, he or she will struggle to come to work so that, he or she is not identified as the weak link in the team. This observation is a form of positive peer influence in the sense that, positive energies from team members are likely to spread to other team members as well. The uptake of the concept of teamwork among organizations is also motivated by the fact that, with team working, the organization can be able to integrate different talents towards the success of a given project. For instance, not every employee possesses the same skill or talent and therefore, it is only wise to integrate the different talents of team member towards t he realization of a given organizational goal. This fact is closely similar to the concept of building synergy because teamwork easily leads to the success of the concept. Synergy appreciates the fact that, two talents are better than one and the integration of different employee talent is more productive than if employees were to work individually (Parker, 2008, p. 183). This concept also changes the management’s view of the organization because employees are now perceived as part of an entire segment of an organization as opposed to individual people. Teamwork therefore helps to build synergy in this manner and managers appreciate its productivity as a result. For instance, an airport controller would find his job very difficult if he were not to embrace the concept of teamwork because controlling different airline companies to offer maximum service satisfaction to hundreds of customers is not an easy thing. For example: coordinating the checking of luggage; passenger aligh ting; cabin cleaning; replenishment of foods, drinks and snacks; airplane fuel refilling; luggage unloading and similar activities are tedious tasks. The adoption of the concept of teamwork is therefore useful in helping such an individual effectively handle such a hustle because through the adoption of teamwork, the airport controller will be able to speed up all the processes, say, if he adds two or more people in the luggage checking department as opposed to only four people, or if he adds more flight attendants to communicate with the pilot in times of landing or take off. Conclusion In light of the weaknesses of the matrix approach, many organizations have changed their perception (especially held in the 70s) that, the matrix structure is an antidote for all organizational design problems because the breadth of its potential for applicability significantly reduced as a result. However, the notion that, the matrix structure is appropriate for large organizations exists because i t is believed that, large organizations operating in a fast-paced business environment may benefit more from the organizational design strategy than companies which do not share the same nature. In the same regard, it is correct to say that, a coal mining company is not likely to benefit from the concept (matrix) as opposed to a company dealing in pharmaceutical products. Also, companies which do not heavily rely on the services of professionals or semi-professionals are likely to fail to benefit from the concept because the technique is best applied when an organization relies on the services of professionals such as engineers, surveyors and the likes. The matrix technique is also only applicable in an organization which has a diverse set of professionals who have various skills and in organizations which have nurtured employee behavior such that, the interpersonal skill level is high. However, getting organizations which have attained this level of employee cohesion is normally di fficult. Also, for the concept to effectively works, there needs to be sufficient authority given to project managers who work under the authority of the functional and product managers to make important decisions regarding the course various projects have to take. Considering these dynamics of the matrix concept, the matrix technique is applied best as part of a large inclusive strategy of organizational design, but it should not be left alone to stand as the only unique organizational design strategy. With regards to the teamwork concept applied by many organizations today, organizational managers have discovered that, it is easier to foster collaboration and cohesion in the organization through teamwork so that, tasks can be effectively completed in the organization. Managers also aim to improve their employee’s problem solving skills in the organization because working in teams is also strenuous and employees are bound to disagree with one another regarding various issues . The team environment however encourages them to solve their disputes and iron out their differences. This improves their problem solving skills. Moreover, the team environment encourages employees to come up with creative ideas which they can brainstorm among themselves and ultimately, the organization will be the one to benefit because such creative ideas are likely to be of benefit to them. References Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. (2005). Managing and Organizations: An  Introduction to Theory and Practice. London: Sage. Ford, R. (1992). Cross-Functional Structures: A Review and Integration of Matrix  Organization and Project Management. Journal of Management, 6, 1-22. Gottlieb, M. (2007). The Matrix Organization Reloaded: Adventures in Team And  Project Management. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. Kuprenas, J. (2003). Implementation and Performance of a Matrix Organization  Structure. International Journal of Project Management, 21, 50-62. Parker, G. (2008). Team Players and Team Work: New Strategies for Developing  Successful Collaboration. London: John Wiley and Sons. Samson, D., Daft, R. (2009). Management Third Asia Pacific Edition. Australia:  Cengage Learning. Willmott, H. (2010). Organization Theory and Design. London: Cengage Learning.

Free Essays on Prenatal And Neonatal Health

Abstract Neonatal and prenatal complications have been shown to occur with greater statistical frequency in persons with schizophrenia than controls. This paper provides an overview of literature relevant to this topic. Neonatal and prenatal complications related to schizophrenia are broken down into four general areas of research: family history, gestational insults, obstetric complications, and neurodevelopmental deficits. Although this research is moving forward, prospective studies have only recently been established; therefore, investigators have been hindered by the difficulties related to retroactive data assessment. This paper reveals some of the areas in which conflicting research has resulted and the attempts researchers have made to overcome these conflicts. In addition, the recent hypothesis of three etiological subgroups of schizophrenia is discussed, as well as areas of research leading from this data. Prenatal and Neonatal Complications in the Etiology of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by an interrelation of signs and symptoms accompanied by social or occupational impairment. This disorder consists of a spectrum of dysfunction pervading thought, perception, communication, affect, and behavior. Persons with schizophrenia experience a sorted combination of symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or seriously disorganized or catatonic behavior. Negative symptoms, such as decreased emotional expression, communication, or motivation, may also be exhibited. Two of the above symptoms are generally necessary to meet criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, along with considerations of illness severity and duration, social or occupational impairment, and other possible diagnoses (American Psychological Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994). Studies have indicated that prenatal and neonatal complications occur ... Free Essays on Prenatal And Neonatal Health Free Essays on Prenatal And Neonatal Health Abstract Neonatal and prenatal complications have been shown to occur with greater statistical frequency in persons with schizophrenia than controls. This paper provides an overview of literature relevant to this topic. Neonatal and prenatal complications related to schizophrenia are broken down into four general areas of research: family history, gestational insults, obstetric complications, and neurodevelopmental deficits. Although this research is moving forward, prospective studies have only recently been established; therefore, investigators have been hindered by the difficulties related to retroactive data assessment. This paper reveals some of the areas in which conflicting research has resulted and the attempts researchers have made to overcome these conflicts. In addition, the recent hypothesis of three etiological subgroups of schizophrenia is discussed, as well as areas of research leading from this data. Prenatal and Neonatal Complications in the Etiology of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by an interrelation of signs and symptoms accompanied by social or occupational impairment. This disorder consists of a spectrum of dysfunction pervading thought, perception, communication, affect, and behavior. Persons with schizophrenia experience a sorted combination of symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or seriously disorganized or catatonic behavior. Negative symptoms, such as decreased emotional expression, communication, or motivation, may also be exhibited. Two of the above symptoms are generally necessary to meet criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, along with considerations of illness severity and duration, social or occupational impairment, and other possible diagnoses (American Psychological Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994). Studies have indicated that prenatal and neonatal complications occur ...